Make Your Site to Your Homepage - Script

This is Script for set your browser home page

<a href="#" onClick="this.style.behavior='url(#default#homepage)';this.setHomePage('http://vinothtech.blogspot.com');">Make this Your HomePage!</a>

Sample: Make this Your HomePage!

What is Primary key?

A primary key is used to uniquely identify each row in a table. It can either be part of the actual record itself, or it can be an artificial field (one that has nothing to do with the actual record). A table can have only one primary key. A primary key can consist of one or more fields on a table. When multiple fields are used as a primary key, they are called a composite key.

Below are examples for specifying a primary key when creating a table:

MySQL:
CREATE TABLE Customer
(SID integer,
Last_Name varchar(30),
First_Name varchar(30),
PRIMARY KEY (SID));

Oracle:
CREATE TABLE Customer
(SID integer PRIMARY KEY,
Last_Name varchar(30),
First_Name varchar(30));

SQL Server:
CREATE TABLE Customer
(SID integer PRIMARY KEY,
Last_Name varchar(30),
First_Name varchar(30));

Below are examples for specifying a primary key by altering a table:

MySQL:
ALTER TABLE Customer ADD PRIMARY KEY (SID);
Oracle:
ALTER TABLE Customer ADD PRIMARY KEY (SID);
SQL Server:
ALTER TABLE Customer ADD PRIMARY KEY (SID);

Note: Before using the ALTER TABLE command to add a primary key, you'll need to make sure that the field is defined as 'NOT NULL' -- in other words, NULL cannot be an accepted value for that field.

Backup a Database Using Query

1.Full Backup


declare @Path varchar(500) ,
@DBName varchar(128)

select @DBName = 'msdb'
select @Path = 'c:\backups\'

declare @FileName varchar(4000)
select @FileName = @Path + @DBName + '_Full_'
+ convert(varchar(8),getdate(),112) + '_'
+ replace(convert(varchar(8),getdate(),108),':','')
+ '.bak'

backup database @DBName
to disk = @FileName


2. Diff Backup


declare @Path varchar(500) ,
@DBName varchar(128)

select @DBName = 'msdb'
select @Path = 'c:\backups\'

declare @FileName varchar(4000)
select @FileName = @Path + @DBName + '_Diff_'
+ convert(varchar(8),getdate(),112) + '_'
+ replace(convert(varchar(8),getdate(),108),':','')
+ '.bak'

backup database @DBName
to disk = @FileName
with differential


3.Log Backup


declare @Path varchar(500) ,
@DBName varchar(128)

select @DBName = 'msdb'
select @Path = 'c:\backups\'

declare @FileName varchar(4000)
select @FileName = @Path + @DBName + '_Log_'
+ convert(varchar(8),getdate(),112) + '_'
+ replace(convert(varchar(8),getdate(),108),':','')
+ '.bak'

backup log @DBName
to disk = @FileName

4.Restore Backup

declare @Path varchar(500) ,
@DBName varchar(128)

select @DBName = 'msdb'
select @Path = 'c:\backups\'

declare @FileName varchar(4000)
select @FileName = @Path + @DBName + '_Log_'
+ convert(varchar(8),getdate(),112) + '_'
+ replace(convert(varchar(8),getdate(),108),':','')
+ '.bak'


Restore Database @DBName From Disk = @FileName With Replace, Move 'Msdb_Data' To @Path + @DBName + '_Data.MDF', Move 'Msdb4_Log' To @Path + @DBName + '_Log.LDF'

Session management options in ASP.NET

Introduction

One of the core aspects that classic ASP developers (including me) always deal with when building applications is handling state information. This task is made more difficult in Web applications because HTTP is, by its very nature, a stateless protocol that doesn’t remember anything about a user between requests.

The problem with user sessions in ASP

The stateless nature of HTTP makes the inclusion of a mechanism to save application state between user requests a must—the server must be able to identify the same user across multiple requests. Classic ASP included a Session object that accomplished this, but unfortunately, that implementation has two main weaknesses.

First, the 120-bit session ID used to identify the session is always stored as a cookie on the browser. So, if the security policy of a user's employer disallows cookies, the Session object cannot be populated.

Second, the data associated with the session and accessed through the session ID is stored on the Web server that processed the initial request and started the session. As a result, the session data can’t be shared in a web farm scenario where multiple web servers are processing requests from multiple clients. Although programmatic techniques, and system software such as the Windows 2000 clustering services and Application Center 2000, can be configured to force a client to access the same web server for each request (referred to as “sticky IP”), the overhead and possible imbalance that this situation creates reduces scalability.

ASP.NET’s improved model offers more alternatives.

The ASP.NET session implementation addresses both of these weaknesses by allowing for "cookieless" sessions and off-server storage of session data. The ASP.NET session state module is configured declaratively in the Web.config file like so:

<sessionState mode="InProc" cookieless="false" timeout="20" />

In this case, the mode attribute is set to InProc (the default) to indicate that the session state is stored in memory by ASP.NET and that cookies will not be used to pass the session ID. Instead, the session ID is inserted into the query string for a page’s URL. For example, using InProc mode, after a session is established, a call to a hypothetical ASP.NET page would look something like the following:

http://my.website.com/(55mfgh55vgblurtywsityvjq)/education.aspx

The long alphanumeric string in parentheses is the session ID. The ASP.NET engine extracts the session ID from the query string and can then associate the user request with the appropriate session. In this way, cookies are not required, nor are hidden form fields. So, pages without forms can still participate in the session.

As with ASP before it, session state management in ASP.NET requires overhead. So, if a particular page will not be accessing the Session object, developers can set the EnableSessionState attribute of the Page directive for that page to False. If a particular page will be accessing the Session object and not altering the value of the session, then set the EnableSessionState attribute of the Page directive for that page to Readonly. Session state can be disabled for an entire site by setting the mode attribute of the sessionState element to Off in the Web.config.

ASP.NET offers three session management solutions. They are:

• InProcess,
  
• StateServer (outProcess),
  
• SQLServer (database based)

I am going to explain in detail about the new session management options with ASP.NET, especially SQLSEVER and STATESERVER.

InProc

This is same as the conventional ASP session management. Session is stored in memory on the web server.

StateServer session management

A second option, accomplished by setting the mode attribute to StateServer, is storing session data in a separate in-memory cache controlled by a Windows service running on a separate machine. The state service, called the ASP.NET State Service (aspnet_state.exe), is configured by the stateConnectionString attribute in the Web.config file. It specifies the service’s server and the port it monitors:

<sessionState mode="StateServer" 
stateConnectionString="tcpip=myserver:42424" cookieless="false" timeout="20" />

In this case, the state service is running on a machine called myserver on port 42424, which is the default. At the server, the port can be changed by editing the Port value in the HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\aspnet_state registry key. Obviously, using the state service has the advantages of process isolation and sharability across a web farm. However, if the state service is stopped, all session data is lost. In other words, the state service does not persistently store the data as SQL Server does; it simply holds it in memory.

Session management with SQL Server

ASP.NET also allows you to store session data on a database server by changing the mode attribute to SqlServer. In this case, ASP.NET attempts to store session data on the SQL Server specified by a sqlConnectionString attribute that would contain the data source and security credentials necessary to log on to the server. To configure the SQL Server with the appropriate database objects, an administrator would also need to create the ASPState database by running the InstallState.sql script found in the WinDir\Microsoft.Net\Framework\Version folder (where WinDir is the name of your server’s Windows folder and Version is the installation folder for the appropriate version of the .NET Framework you’re using).

<sessionState mode="SqlServer" 
  sqlConnectionString="data source=127.0.0.1;user id=sa; password=" 
  cookieless="false" timeout="20" />

Once the SQL Server is configured, the application code should run identically to the InProc mode. But keep in mind that since the data is not stored in local memory, objects stored in session state will need to be serialized and deserialized for transport across the network to and from the database server, which will affect performance. By storing session state in the database, you’re effectively trading performance for scalability and reliability.

Pros and cons of the three session management solutions in brief

• InProc - stored in memory on web server
  

  This is the default setting.

  
  
  
  
  • Pros: least overhead, fastest performance
    
  • Cons: breaks web clusters, restarting IIS loses sessions
  
  
• StateServer - managed by a remote service (aspnet_state)
  

  HTTP protocol over TCP port.

  
  
  
  
  • Pros: reasonably fast, works with clusters
    
  • Cons: clear text, no authentication, overflows...
  
  
• SQLServer - stored in SQL Server DB tables
  

  Uses normal ODBC connection.

  
  
  
  
  • Pros: reliable, scalable
    
  • Cons: relatively slow, much overhead

Points of Interest

When you are upgrading an ASP application to ASP.NET, some times you may have to deal with the situation where in we need to pass state information between an ASP page and ASP.NET form. One way of accomplishing this is using cookies. Since cookies are stored in client side, when the browser requests a page, the cookie information is automatically send as part of the browser request. Because of this a cookie can be created by an ASP application and read by ASP.NET application when the browser is redirected to that ASP.NET page.

History

Version 1.1.

JavaScript Error Stopper

function stoperror(){
return true
}
window.onerror=stoperror


function stoperror(){
return true
}
window.onerror=stoperror

How to Use Web.Config in ASP.NET and ASP

Introduction:

Web.config acts as a central location for storing the information to be accessed by web pages. This information could be a Connection String stored at a centralized location so that it can be accessed in a data-driven page. If the connection string changes its just a matter of changing it at one place.

In classic ASP such global information was typically stored as an application variable.

In the sample we'll read the information from web.config using ASP.NET and ASP as there could be a possibility of project having ASP and ASP.NET pages.

web.config:

Contains a key-value pair.
web.config

<xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<configuration>
<appSettings>
<add key="ConnectionString1" value="server=localhost;uid=sa;pwd=;database=northwind" />
<add key="ConnectionString2" value="server=localhost;uid=sa;pwd=;database=pubs" />
<appSettings>
<configuration>

In ASP.NET:

We can just using Configuration.AppSettings() gives the Value.(Namespace:System.Configuration)

VB.NET

Dim strConnection As String
strConnection = ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings("ConnectionString1")
Response.Write(strConnection)

C#

string strConnection;
strConnection = ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings["ConnectionString1"];
Response.Write(strConnection);

In ASP

We need to iterate through the nodes in web.config.

vbscript

set xmlDoc=server.CreateObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM")
set xmlappSettings=server.CreateObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM")
set xmladd=server.CreateObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM")
xmlDoc.async="false"
xmlDoc.load(server.MapPath ("web.config"))
set xmlappSettings = xmldoc.GetElementsByTagName("appSettings").Item(0)
set xmladd = xmlappSettings.GetElementsByTagName("add")
for each x in xmladd
'Check for the Atrribute Value
if x.getAttribute("key") ="ConnectionString1" then
Response.write(x.getAttribute("value"))
end if
next

Global.asax

The Global.asax file, sometimes called the ASP.NET application file, provides a way to respond to application or module level events in one central location. You can use this file to implement application security, as well as other tasks. Let's take a closer look at how you may use it in your application development efforts.

Overview

The Global.asax file is in the root application directory. While Visual Studio .NET automatically inserts it in all new ASP.NET projects, it's actually an optional file. It's okay to delete it—if you aren't using it. The .asax file extension signals that it's an application file rather than an ASP.NET file that uses aspx.

The Global.asax file is configured so that any direct HTTP request (via URL) is rejected automatically, so users cannot download or view its contents. The ASP.NET page framework recognizes automatically any changes that are made to the Global.asax file. The framework reboots the application, which includes closing all browser sessions, flushes all state information, and restarts the application domain.

Programming

The Global.asax file, which is derived from the HttpApplication class, maintains a pool of HttpApplication objects, and assigns them to applications as needed. The Global.asax file contains the following events:

* Application_Init: Fired when an application initializes or is first called. It's invoked for all HttpApplication object instances.
* Application_Disposed: Fired just before an application is destroyed. This is the ideal location for cleaning up previously used resources.
* Application_Error: Fired when an unhandled exception is encountered within the application.
* Application_Start: Fired when the first instance of the HttpApplication class is created. It allows you to create objects that are accessible by all HttpApplication instances.
* Application_End: Fired when the last instance of an HttpApplication class is destroyed. It's fired only once during an application's lifetime.
* Application_BeginRequest: Fired when an application request is received. It's the first event fired for a request, which is often a page request (URL) that a user enters.
* Application_EndRequest: The last event fired for an application request.
* Application_PreRequestHandlerExecute: Fired before the ASP.NET page framework begins executing an event handler like a page or Web service.
* Application_PostRequestHandlerExecute: Fired when the ASP.NET page framework is finished executing an event handler.
* Applcation_PreSendRequestHeaders: Fired before the ASP.NET page framework sends HTTP headers to a requesting client (browser).
* Application_PreSendContent: Fired before the ASP.NET page framework sends content to a requesting client (browser).
* Application_AcquireRequestState: Fired when the ASP.NET page framework gets the current state (Session state) related to the current request.
* Application_ReleaseRequestState: Fired when the ASP.NET page framework completes execution of all event handlers. This results in all state modules to save their current state data.
* Application_ResolveRequestCache: Fired when the ASP.NET page framework completes an authorization request. It allows caching modules to serve the request from the cache, thus bypassing handler execution.
* Application_UpdateRequestCache: Fired when the ASP.NET page framework completes handler execution to allow caching modules to store responses to be used to handle subsequent requests.
* Application_AuthenticateRequest: Fired when the security module has established the current user's identity as valid. At this point, the user's credentials have been validated.
* Application_AuthorizeRequest: Fired when the security module has verified that a user can access resources.
* Session_Start: Fired when a new user visits the application Web site.
* Session_End: Fired when a user's session times out, ends, or they leave the application Web site.

The event list may seem daunting, but it can be useful in various circumstances.

A key issue with taking advantage of the events is knowing the order in which they're triggered. The Application_Init and Application_Start events are fired once when the application is first started. Likewise, the Application_Disposed and Application_End are only fired once when the application terminates. In addition, the session-based events (Session_Start and Session_End) are only used when users enter and leave the site. The remaining events deal with application requests, and they're triggered in the following order:

* Application_BeginRequest
* Application_AuthenticateRequest
* Application_AuthorizeRequest
* Application_ResolveRequestCache
* Application_AcquireRequestState
* Application_PreRequestHandlerExecute
* Application_PreSendRequestHeaders
* Application_PreSendRequestContent
*
* Application_PostRequestHandlerExecute
* Application_ReleaseRequestState
* Application_UpdateRequestCache
* Application_EndRequest

A common use of some of these events is security. The following C# example demonstrates various Global.asax events with the Application_Authenticate event used to facilitate forms-based authentication via a cookie. In addition, the Application_Start event populates an application variable, while Session_Start populates a session variable. The Application_Error event displays a simple message stating an error has occurred.

protected void Application_Start(Object sender, EventArgs e) {
Application["Title"] = "Builder.com Sample";
}
protected void Session_Start(Object sender, EventArgs e) {
Session["startValue"] = 0;
}
protected void Application_AuthenticateRequest(Object sender, EventArgs e) {
// Extract the forms authentication cookie
string cookieName = FormsAuthentication.FormsCookieName;
HttpCookie authCookie = Context.Request.Cookies[cookieName];
if(null == authCookie) {
// There is no authentication cookie.
return;
}
FormsAuthenticationTicket authTicket = null;
try {
authTicket = FormsAuthentication.Decrypt(authCookie.Value);
} catch(Exception ex) {
// Log exception details (omitted for simplicity)
return;
}
if (null == authTicket) {
// Cookie failed to decrypt.
return;
}
// When the ticket was created, the UserData property was assigned
// a pipe delimited string of role names.
string[2] roles
roles[0] = "One"
roles[1] = "Two"
// Create an Identity object
FormsIdentity id = new FormsIdentity( authTicket );
// This principal will flow throughout the request.
GenericPrincipal principal = new GenericPrincipal(id, roles);
// Attach the new principal object to the current HttpContext object
Context.User = principal;
}
protected void Application_Error(Object sender, EventArgs e) {
Response.Write("Error encountered.");
}

This example provides a peek at the usefulness of the events contained in the Global.asax file; it's important to realize that these events are related to the entire application. Consequently, any methods placed in it are available through the application's code, hence the Global name.

Here's the VB.NET equivalent of the previous code:

Sub Application_Start(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
Application("Title") = "Builder.com Sample"
End Sub
Sub Session_Start(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
Session("startValue") = 0
End Sub
Sub Application_AuthenticateRequest(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As
EventArgs)
' Extract the forms authentication cookie
Dim cookieName As String
cookieName = FormsAuthentication.FormsCookieName
Dim authCookie As HttpCookie
authCookie = Context.Request.Cookies(cookieName)
If (authCookie Is Nothing) Then
' There is no authentication cookie.
Return
End If
Dim authTicket As FormsAuthenticationTicket
authTicket = Nothing
Try
authTicket = FormsAuthentication.Decrypt(authCookie.Value)
Catch ex As Exception
' Log exception details (omitted for simplicity)
Return
End Try
Dim roles(2) As String
roles(0) = "One"
roles(1) = "Two"
Dim id As FormsIdentity
id = New FormsIdentity(authTicket)
Dim principal As GenericPrincipal
principal = New GenericPrincipal(id, roles)
' Attach the new principal object to the current HttpContext object
Context.User = principal
End Sub
Sub Application_Error(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
Response.Write("Error encountered.")
End Sub

A good resource

The Global.asax file is the central point for ASP.NET applications. It provides numerous events to handle various application-wide tasks such as user authentication, application start up, and dealing with user sessions. You should be familiar with this optional file to build robust ASP.NET-based applications.

ASP.Net Questions & Answers

What is view state and use of it?

The current property settings of an ASP.NET page and those of any ASP.NET server controls contained within the page. ASP.NET can detect when a form is requested for the first time versus when the form is posted (sent to the server), which allows you to program accordingly.

What are user controls and custom controls?

Custom controls: A control authored by a user or a third-party software vendor that does not belong to the .NET Framework class library. This is a generic term that includes user controls. A custom server control is used in Web Forms (ASP.NET pages). A custom client control is used in Windows Forms applications. User Controls: In ASP.NET: A user-authored server control that enables an ASP.NET page to be re-used as a server control. An ASP.NET user control is authored declaratively and persisted as a text file with an .ascx extension. The ASP.NET page framework compiles a user control on the fly to a class that derives from the System.Web.UI.UserControl class.

What are the validation controls?

A set of server controls included with ASP.NET that test user input in HTML and Web server controls for programmer-defined requirements. Validation controls perform input checking in server code. If the user is working with a browser that supports DHTML, the validation controls can also perform validation using client script.

What's the difference between Response.Write() andResponse.Output.Write()?

The latter one allows you to write formattedoutput.

What methods are fired during the page load? Init()

When the page is instantiated, Load() - when the page is loaded into server memory,PreRender () - the brief moment before the page is displayed to the user as HTML, Unload() - when page finishes loading.

Where does the Web page belong in the .NET Framework class hierarchy?

System.Web.UI.Page

Where do you store the information about the user's locale?

System.Web.UI.Page.Culture

What's the difference between Codebehind="MyCode.aspx.cs" and Src="MyCode.aspx.cs"?

CodeBehind is relevant to Visual Studio.NET only.

What's a bubbled event?

When you have a complex control, likeDataGrid, writing an event processing routine for each object (cell, button,row, etc.) is quite tedious. The controls can bubble up their eventhandlers, allowing the main DataGrid event handler to take care of its constituents. Suppose you want a certain ASP.NET function executed on MouseOver over a certain button.

Where do you add an event handler?

It's the Attributesproperty, the Add function inside that property. e.g. btnSubmit.Attributes.Add("onMouseOver","someClientCode();")

What data type does the RangeValidator control support? Integer,String and Date.

What are the different types of caching?

Caching is a technique widely used in computing to increase performance by keeping frequently accessed or expensive data in memory. In context of web application, caching is used to retain the pages or data across HTTP requests and reuse them without the expense of recreating them.ASP.NET has 3 kinds of caching strategiesOutput CachingFragment CachingData CachingOutput Caching: Caches the dynamic output generated by a request. Some times it is useful to cache the output of a website even for a minute, which will result in a better performance. For caching the whole page the page should have OutputCache directive.<%@ OutputCache Duration="60" VaryByParam="state" %> Fragment Caching: Caches the portion of the page generated by the request. Some times it is not practical to cache the entire page, in such cases we can cache a portion of page<%@ OutputCache Duration="120" VaryByParam="CategoryID;SelectedID"%> Data Caching: Caches the objects programmatically. For data caching asp.net provides a cache object for eg: cache["States"] = dsStates;

What do you mean by authentication and authorization?

Authentication is the process of validating a user on the credentials (username and password) and authorization performs after authentication. After Authentication a user will be verified for performing the various tasks, It access is limited it is known as authorization.

What are different types of directives in .NET?

@Page: Defines page-specific attributes used by the ASP.NET page parser and compiler. Can be included only in .aspx files <%@ Page AspCompat="TRUE" language="C#" %> @Control:Defines control-specific attributes used by the ASP.NET page parser and compiler. Can be included only in .ascx files. <%@ Control Language="VB" EnableViewState="false" %> @Import: Explicitly imports a namespace into a page or user control. The Import directive cannot have more than one namespace attribute. To import multiple namespaces, use multiple @Import directives. <% @ Import Namespace="System.web" %> @Implements: Indicates that the current page or user control implements the specified .NET framework interface.<%@ Implements Interface="System.Web.UI.IPostBackEventHandler" %> @Register: Associates aliases with namespaces and class names for concise notation in custom server control syntax.<%@ Register Tagprefix="Acme" Tagname="AdRotator" Src="AdRotator.ascx" %> @Assembly: Links an assembly to the current page during compilation, making all the assembly's classes and interfaces available for use on the page. <%@ Assembly Name="MyAssembly" %><%@ Assembly Src="MySource.vb" %> @OutputCache: Declaratively controls the output caching policies of an ASP.NET page or a user control contained in a page<%@ OutputCache Duration="#ofseconds" Location="Any | Client | Downstream | Server | None" Shared="True | False" VaryByControl="controlname" VaryByCustom="browser | customstring" VaryByHeader="headers" VaryByParam="parametername" %> @Reference: Declaratively indicates that another user control or page source file should be dynamically compiled and linked against the page in which this directive is declared. How do I debug an ASP.NET application that wasn't written with Visual Studio.NET and that doesn't use code-behind? Start the DbgClr debugger that comes with the .NET Framework SDK, open the file containing the code you want to debug, and set your breakpoints. Start the ASP.NET application. Go back to DbgClr, choose Debug Processes from the Tools menu, and select aspnet_wp.exe from the list of processes. (If aspnet_wp.exe doesn't appear in the list,check the "Show system processes" box.) Click the Attach button to attach to aspnet_wp.exe and begin debugging. Be sure to enable debugging in the ASPX file before debugging it with DbgClr. You can enable tell ASP.NET to build debug executables by placing a <%@ Page Debug="true" %> statement at the top of an ASPX file or a statement in a Web.config file.

Can a user browsing my Web site read my Web.config or Global.asax files?

No. The section of Machine.config, which holds the master configuration settings for ASP.NET, contains entries that map ASAX files, CONFIG files, and selected other file types to an HTTP handler named HttpForbiddenHandler, which fails attempts to retrieve the associated file. You can modify it by editing Machine.config or including an section in a local Web.config file.

What's the difference between Page.RegisterClientScriptBlock and Page.RegisterStartupScript?

RegisterClientScriptBlock is for returning blocks of client-side script containing functions. RegisterStartupScript is for returning blocks of client-script not packaged in functions-in other words, code that's to execute when the page is loaded. The latter positions script blocks near the end of the document so elements on the page that the script interacts are loaded before the script runs.<%@ Reference Control="MyControl.ascx" %> Is it necessary to lock application state before accessing it? Only if you're performing a multistep update and want the update to be treated as an atomic operation. Here's an example: Application.Lock (); Application["ItemsSold"] = (int) Application["ItemsSold"] + 1; Application["ItemsLeft"] = (int) Application["ItemsLeft"] - 1; Application.UnLock (); By locking application state before updating it and unlocking it afterwards, you ensure that another request being processed on another thread doesn't read application state at exactly the wrong time and see an inconsistent view of it. If I update session state, should I lock it, too? Are concurrent accesses by multiple requests executing on multiple threads a concern with session state? Concurrent accesses aren't an issue with session state, for two reasons. One, it's unlikely that two requests from the same user will overlap. Two, if they do overlap, ASP.NET locks down session state during request processing so that two threads can't touch it at once. Session state is locked down when the HttpApplication instance that's processing the request fires an AcquireRequestState event and unlocked when it fires a ReleaseRequestState event. Do ASP.NET forms authentication cookies provide any protection against replay attacks? Do they, for example, include the client's IP address or anything else that would distinguish the real client from an attacker? No. If an authentication cookie is stolen, it can be used by an attacker. It's up to you to prevent this from happening by using an encrypted communications channel (HTTPS). Authentication cookies issued as session cookies, do, however,include a time-out valid that limits their lifetime. So a stolen session cookie can only be used in replay attacks as long as the ticket inside the cookie is valid. The default time-out interval is 30 minutes.You can change that by modifying the timeout attribute accompanying the element in Machine.config or a local Web.config file. Persistent authentication cookies do not time-out and therefore are a more serious security threat if stolen.

How do I send e-mail from an ASP.NET application?

MailMessage message = new MailMessage (); message.From = ; message.To = ; message.Subject = "Scheduled Power Outage"; message.Body = "Our servers will be down tonight."; SmtpMail.SmtpServer = "localhost"; SmtpMail.Send (message); MailMessage and SmtpMail are classes defined in the .NET Framework Class Library's System.Web.Mail namespace. Due to a security change made to ASP.NET just before it shipped, you need to set SmtpMail's SmtpServer property to "localhost" even though "localhost" is the default. In addition, you must use the IIS configuration applet to enable localhost (127.0.0.1) to relay messages through the local SMTP service.

What are VSDISCO files?

VSDISCO files are DISCO files that support dynamic discovery of Web services. If you place the following VSDISCO file in a directory on your Web server, for example, it returns references to all ASMX and DISCO files in the host directory and any subdirectories not noted in elements: xmlns="urn:schemas-dynamicdiscovery:disco.2000-03-17">

How does dynamic discovery work?

ASP.NET maps the file name extension VSDISCO to an HTTP handler that scans the host directory and subdirectories for ASMX and DISCO files and returns a dynamically generated DISCO document. A client who requests a VSDISCO file gets back what appears to be a static DISCO document. Note that VSDISCO files are disabled in the release version of ASP.NET. You can reenable them by uncommenting the line in the section of Machine.config that maps *.vsdisco to System.Web.Services.Discovery.DiscoveryRequestHandler and granting the ASPNET user account permission to read the IIS metabase. However, Microsoft is actively discouraging the use of VSDISCO files because they could represent a threat to Web server security.

Is it possible to prevent a browser from caching an ASPX page?

Just call SetNoStore on the HttpCachePolicy object exposed through the Response object's Cache property, as demonstrated here: <%@ Page Language="C#" %> <% Response.Cache.SetNoStore (); Response.Write (DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString ()); %> SetNoStore works by returning a Cache-Control: private, no-store header in the HTTP response. In this example, it prevents caching of a Web page that shows the current time.

What does AspCompat="true" mean and when should I use it?

AspCompat is an aid in migrating ASP pages to ASPX pages. It defaults to false but should be set to true in any ASPX file that creates apartment-threaded COM objects--that is, COM objects registered ThreadingModel=Apartment. That includes all COM objects written with Visual Basic 6.0. AspCompat should also be set to true (regardless of threading model) if the page creates COM objects that access intrinsic ASP objects such as Request and Response. The following directive sets AspCompat to true: <%@ Page AspCompat="true" %> Setting AspCompat to true does two things. First, it makes intrinsic ASP objects available to the COM components by placing unmanaged wrappers around the equivalent ASP.NET objects. Second, it improves the performance of calls that the page places to apartment- threaded COM objects by ensuring that the page (actually, the thread that processes the request for the page) and the COM objects it creates share an apartment. AspCompat="true" forces ASP.NET request threads into single-threaded apartments (STAs). If those threads create COM objects marked ThreadingModel=Apartment, then the objects are created in the same STAs as the threads that created them. Without AspCompat="true," request threads run in a multithreaded apartment (MTA) and each call to an STA-based COM object incurs a performance hit when it's marshaled across apartment boundaries. Do not set AspCompat to true if your page uses no COM objects or if it uses COM objects that don't access ASP intrinsic objects and that are registered ThreadingModel=Free or ThreadingModel=Both.

Explain the differences between Server-side and Client-side code?

Server side scripting means that all the script will be executed by the server and interpreted as needed. ASP doesn't have some of the functionality like sockets, uploading, etc. For these you have to make a custom components usually in VB or VC++. Client side scripting means that the script will be executed immediately in the browser such as form field validation, clock, email validation, etc. Client side scripting is usually done in VBScript or JavaScript. Download time, browser compatibility, and visible code - since JavaScript and VBScript code is included in the HTML page, then anyone can see the code by viewing the page source. Also a possible security hazards for the client computer.

What type of code (server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class?

C#

Should validation (did the user enter a real date) occur server-side or client-side? Why?

Client-side validation because there is no need to request a server side date when you could obtain a date from the client machine.

What are ASP.NET Web Forms? How is this technology different than what is available though ASP?

Web Forms are the heart and soul of ASP.NET. Web Forms are the User Interface (UI) elements that give your Web applications their look and feel. Web Forms are similar to Windows Forms in that they provide properties, methods, and events for the controls that are placed onto them. However, these UI elements render themselves in the appropriate markup language required by the request, e.g. HTML. If you use Microsoft Visual Studio .NET, you will also get the familiar drag-and-drop interface used to create your UI for your Web application.

What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect? Why would I choose one over the other?

In earlier versions of IIS, if we wanted to send a user to a new Web page, the only option we had was Response.Redirect. While this method does accomplish our goal, it has several important drawbacks. The biggest problem is that this method causes each page to be treated as a separate transaction. Besides making it difficult to maintain your transactional integrity, Response.Redirect introduces some additional headaches. First, it prevents good encapsulation of code. Second, you lose access to all of the properties in the Request object. Sure, there are workarounds, but they're difficult. Finally, Response.Redirect necessitates a round trip to the client, which, on high-volume sites, causes scalability problems. As you might suspect, Server.Transfer fixes all of these problems. It does this by performing the transfer on the server without requiring a roundtrip to the client.

How can you provide an alternating color scheme in a Repeater control?

AlternatingItemTemplate Like the ItemTemplate element, but rendered for every other row (alternating items) in the Repeater control. You can specify a different appearance for the AlternatingItemTemplate element by setting its style properties.

Which template must you provide, in order to display data in a Repeater control?

ItemTemplate

What event handlers can I include in Global.asax?

Application_Start,Application_End, Application_AcquireRequestState, Application_AuthenticateRequest, Application_AuthorizeRequest, Application_BeginRequest, Application_Disposed, Application_EndRequest, Application_Error, Application_PostRequestHandlerExecute, Application_PreRequestHandlerExecute, Application_PreSendRequestContent, Application_PreSendRequestHeaders, Application_ReleaseRequestState, Application_ResolveRequestCache, Application_UpdateRequestCache, Session_Start,Session_End You can optionally include "On" in any of method names. For example, you can name a BeginRequest event handler.Application_BeginRequest or Application_OnBeginRequest.You can also include event handlers in Global.asax for events fired by custom HTTP modules.Note that not all of the event handlers make sense for Web Services (they're designed for ASP.NET applications in general, whereas .NET XML Web Services are specialized instances of an ASP.NET app). For example, the Application_AuthenticateRequest and Application_AuthorizeRequest events are designed to be used with ASP.NET Forms authentication.

What is different b/w webconfig.xml & Machineconfig.xml

Web.config & machine.config both are configuration files.Web.config contains settings specific to an application where as machine.config contains settings to a computer. The Configuration system first searches settings in machine.config file & then looks in application configuration files.Web.config, can appear in multiple directories on an ASP.NET Web application server. Each Web.config file applies configuration settings to its own directory and all child directories below it. There is only Machine.config file on a web server. If I'm developing an application that must accomodate multiple security levels though secure login and my ASP.NET web appplication is spanned across three web-servers (using round-robbin load balancing) what would be the best approach to maintain login-in state for the users? Use the state server or store the state in the database. This can be easily done through simple setting change in the web.config. StateConnectionString="tcpip=127.0.0.1:42424" sqlConnectionString="data source=127.0.0.1; user id=sa; password=" cookieless="false" timeout="30" /> You can specify mode as “stateserver” or “sqlserver”.

Where would you use an iHTTPModule, and what are the limitations of any approach you might take in implementing one "One of ASP.NET's most useful features is the extensibility of the HTTP pipeline, the path that data takes between client and server. You can use them to extend your ASP.NET applications by adding pre- and post-processing to each HTTP request coming into your application. For example, if you wanted custom authentication facilities for your application, the best technique would be to intercept the request when it comes in and process the request in a custom HTTP module.

How do you turn off cookies for one page in your site?

Since no Page Level directive is present, I am afraid that cant be done.

How do you create a permanent cookie?

Permanent cookies are available until a specified expiration date, and are stored on the hard disk.So Set the 'Expires' property any value greater than DataTime.MinValue with respect to the current datetime. If u want the cookie which never expires set its Expires property equal to DateTime.maxValue.

Which method do you use to redirect the user to another page without performing a round trip to the client?

Server.Transfer and Server.Execute

What property do you have to set to tell the grid which page to go to when using the Pager object?

CurrentPageIndex

Should validation (did the user enter a real date) occur server-side or client-side? Why?

It should occur both at client-side and Server side.By using expression validator control with the specified expression ie.. the regular expression provides the facility of only validatating the date specified is in the correct format or not. But for checking the date where it is the real data or not should be done at the server side, by getting the system date ranges and checking the date whether it is in between that range or not.

What does the "EnableViewState" property do? Why would I want it on or off?

Enable ViewState turns on the automatic state management feature that enables server controls to re-populate their values on a round trip without requiring you to write any code. This feature is not free however, since the state of a control is passed to and from the server in a hidden form field. You should be aware of when ViewState is helping you and when it is not. For example, if you are binding a control to data on every round trip, then you do not need the control to maintain it's view state, since you will wipe out any re-populated data in any case. ViewState is enabled for all server controls by default. To disable it, set the EnableViewState property of the control to false.

What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect? Why would I choose one over the other?

Server.Transfer() : client is shown as it is on the requesting page only, but the all the content is of the requested page. Data can be persist accros the pages using Context.Item collection, which is one of the best way to transfer data from one page to another keeping the page state alive. Response.Dedirect() :client know the physical location (page name and query string as well). Context.Items loses the persisitance when nevigate to destination page. In earlier versions of IIS, if we wanted to send a user to a new Web page, the only option we had was Response.Redirect. While this method does accomplish our goal, it has several important drawbacks. The biggest problem is that this method causes each page to be treated as a separate transaction. Besides making it difficult to maintain your transactional integrity, Response.Redirect introduces some additional headaches. First, it prevents good encapsulation of code. Second, you lose access to all of the properties in the Request object. Sure, there are workarounds, but they're difficult. Finally, Response.Redirect necessitates a round trip to the client, which, on high-volume sites, causes scalability problems. As you might suspect, Server.Transfer fixes all of these problems. It does this by performing the transfer on the server without requiring a roundtrip to the client.

Can you give an example of when it would be appropriate to use a web service as opposed to a non-serviced .NET component?

• Communicating through a Firewall When building a distributed application with 100s/1000s of users spread over multiple locations, there is always the problem of communicating between client and server because of firewalls and proxy servers. Exposing your middle tier components as Web Services and invoking the directly from a Windows UI is a very valid option. • Application Integration When integrating applications written in various languages and running on disparate systems. Or even applications running on the same platform that have been written by separate vendors. • Business-to-Business Integration This is an enabler for B2B intergtation which allows one to expose vital business processes to authorized supplier and customers. An example would be exposing electronic ordering and invoicing, allowing customers to send you purchase orders and suppliers to send you invoices electronically. • Software Reuse This takes place at multiple levels. Code Reuse at the Source code level or binary componet-based resuse. The limiting factor here is that you can reuse the code but not the data behind it. Webservice overcome this limitation. A scenario could be when you are building an app that aggregates the functionality of serveral other Applicatons. Each of these functions could be performed by individual apps, but there is value in perhaps combining the the multiple apps to present a unifiend view in a Portal or Intranet. • When not to use Web Services: Single machine Applicatons When the apps are running on the same machine and need to communicate with each other use a native API. You also have the options of using component technologies such as COM or .NET Componets as there is very little overhead. • Homogeneous Applications on a LAN If you have Win32 or Winforms apps that want to communicate to their server counterpart. It is much more efficient to use DCOM in the case of Win32 apps and .NET Remoting in the case of .NET Apps

Can you give an example of what might be best suited to place in the Application_Start and Session_Start subroutines? The Application_Start event is guaranteed to occur only once throughout the lifetime of the application. It's a good place to initialize global variables. For example, you might want to retrieve a list of products from a database table and place the list in application state or the Cache object. SessionStateModule exposes both Session_Start and Session_End events.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of viewstate?

The primary advantages of the ViewState feature in ASP.NET are: 1. Simplicity. There is no need to write possibly complex code to store form data between page submissions. 2. Flexibility. It is possible to enable, configure, and disable ViewState on a control-by-control basis, choosing to persist the values of some fields but not others. There are, however a few disadvantages that are worth pointing out: 1. Does not track across pages. ViewState information does not automatically transfer from page to page. With the session approach, values can be stored in the session and accessed from other pages. This is not possible with ViewState, so storing data into the session must be done explicitly. 2. ViewState is not suitable for transferring data for back-end systems. That is, data still has to be transferred to the back end using some form of data object.

Describe session handling in a webfarm, how does it work and what are the limits?

ASP.NET Session supports storing of session data in 3 ways, i] in In-Process ( in the same memory that ASP.NET uses) , ii] out-of-process using Windows NT Service )in separate memory from ASP.NET ) or iii] in SQL Server (persistent storage). Both the Windows Service and SQL Server solution support a webfarm scenario where all the web-servers can be configured to share common session state store. 1. Windows Service : We can start this service by Start | Control Panel | Administrative Tools | Services | . In that we service names ASP.NET State Service. We can start or stop service by manually or configure to start automatically. Then we have to configure our web.config file mode = “StateServer” stateConnectionString = “tcpip=127.0.0.1:42424” stateNetworkTimeout = “10” sqlConnectionString=”data source = 127.0.0.1; uid=sa;pwd=” cookieless =”Flase” timeout= “20” /> Here ASP.Net Session is directed to use Windows Service for state management on local server (address : 127.0.0.1 is TCP/IP loop-back address). The default port is 42424. we can configure to any port but for that we have to manually edit the registry. Follow these simple steps - In a webfarm make sure you have the same config file in all your web servers. - Also make sure your objects are serializable. - For session state to be maintained across different web servers in the webfarm, the application path of the web-site in the IIS Metabase should be identical in all the web-servers in the webfarm.

Which template must you provide, in order to display data in a Repeater control?

You have to use the ItemTemplate to Display data. Syntax is as follows, < ItemTemplate > < div class =”rItem” > < img src=”images/<%# Container.DataItem(“ImageURL”)%>” hspace=”10” /> < b > <% # Container.DataItem(“Title”)%> < /div > < ItemTemplate >

How can you provide an alternating color scheme in a Repeater control?

Using the AlternatintItemTemplate

What property must you set, and what method must you call in your code, in order to bind the data from some data source to the Repeater control?

Set the DataMember property to the name of the table to bind to. (If this property is not set, by default the first table in the dataset is used.) DataBind method, use this method to bind data from a source to a server control. This method is commonly used after retrieving a data set through a database query.

What method do you use to explicitly kill a user s session?

You can dump (Kill) the session yourself by calling the method Session.Abandon. ASP.NET automatically deletes a user's Session object, dumping its contents, after it has been idle for a configurable timeout interval. This interval, in minutes, is set in the section of the web.config file. The default is 20 minutes.

How do you turn off cookies for one page in your site?

Use Cookie.Discard property, Gets or sets the discard flag set by the server. When true, this property instructs the client application not to save the Cookie on the user's hard disk when a session ends.

Which two properties are on every validation control?

We have two common properties for every validation controls 1. Control to Validate, 2. Error Message.

What tags do you need to add within the asp:datagrid tags to bind columns manually?

< asp:DataGrid id="dgCart" AutoGenerateColumns="False" CellPadding="4" Width="448px" runat="server" > < Columns > < asp:ButtonColumn HeaderText="SELECT" Text="SELECT" CommandName="select" >< /asp:ButtonColumn > < asp:BoundColumn DataField="ProductId" HeaderText="Product ID" >< /asp:BoundColumn > < asp:BoundColumn DataField="ProductName" HeaderText="Product Name" >< /asp:BoundColumn > < asp:BoundColumn DataField="UnitPrice" HeaderText="UnitPrice" >< /asp:BoundColumn > < /Columns > < /asp:DataGrid >

How do you create a permanent cookie?

Permanent cookies are the ones that are most useful. Permanent cookies are available until a specified expiration date, and are stored on the hard disk. The location of cookies differs with each browser, but this doesn’t matter, as this is all handled by your browser and the server. If you want to create a permanent cookie called Name with a value of Nigel, which expires in one month, you’d use the following code Response.Cookies ("Name") = "Nigel" Response.Cookies ("Name"). Expires = DateAdd ("m", 1, Now ())

What tag do you use to add a hyperlink column to the DataGrid?

< asp:HyperLinkColumn >

Which method do you use to redirect the user to another page without performing a round trip to the client?

Server.transfer

What is the transport protocol you use to call a Web service SOAP ?

HTTP Protocol

Explain role based security ?

Role Based Security lets you identify groups of users to allow or deny based on their role in the organization.In Windows NT and Windows XP, roles map to names used to identify user groups. Windows defines several built-in groups, including Administrators, Users, and Guests.To allow or deny access to certain groups of users, add the element to the authorization list in your Web application's Web.config file.e.g. < authorization > < allow roles="Domain Name\Administrators" / > < !-- Allow Administrators in domain. -- > < deny users="*" / > < !-- Deny anyone else. -- > < /authorization >

How do you register JavaScript for webcontrols ?

You can register javascript for controls using Attribtues.Add(scriptname,scripttext) method.

When do you set "" ?

Identity is a webconfig declaration under System.web, which helps to control the application Identity of the web applicaton. Which can be at any level(Machine,Site,application,subdirectory,or page), attribute impersonate with "true" as value specifies that client impersonation is used.

What are different templates available in Repeater,DataList and Datagrid ?

Templates enable one to apply complicated formatting to each of the items displayed by a control.Repeater control supports five types of templates.HeaderTemplate controls how the header of the repeater control is formatted.ItemTemplate controls the formatting of each item displayed.AlternatingItemTemplate controls how alternate items are formatted and the SeparatorTemplate displays a separator between each item displyed.FooterTemplate is used for controlling how the footer of the repeater control is formatted.The DataList and Datagrid supports two templates in addition to the above five.SelectedItem Template controls how a selected item is formatted and EditItemTemplate controls how an item selected for editing is formatted.

What is ViewState ? and how it is managed ?

ASP.NET ViewState is a new kind of state service that developers can use to track UI state on a per-user basis. Internally it uses an an old Web programming trick-roundtripping state in a hidden form field and bakes it right into the page-processing framework.It needs less code to write and maintain state in your Web-based forms.

What is web.config file ?

Web.config file is the configuration file for the Asp.net web application. There is one web.config file for one asp.net application which configures the particular application. Web.config file is written in XML with specific tags having specific meanings.It includes databa which includes connections,Session States,Error Handling,Security etc. For example : < configuration > < appSettings > < add key="ConnectionString" value="server=localhost;uid=sa;pwd=;database=MyDB" / > < /appSettings > < /configuration >

What is advantage of viewstate and what are benefits?

When a form is submitted in classic ASP, all form values are cleared. Suppose you have submitted a form with a lot of information and the server comes back with an error. You will have to go back to the form and correct the information. You click the back button, and what happens.......ALL form values are CLEARED, and you will have to start all over again! The site did not maintain your ViewState.With ASP .NET, the form reappears in the browser window together with all form values.This is because ASP .NET maintains your ViewState. The ViewState indicates the status of the page when submitted to the server.

What tags do you need to add within the asp:datagrid tags to bind columns manually?

Set AutoGenerateColumns Property to false on the datagrid tag and then use Column tag and an ASP:databound tag < asp:DataGrid runat="server" id="ManualColumnBinding" AutoGenerateColumns="False" > < Columns > < asp:BoundColumn HeaderText="Column1" DataField="Column1"/ > < asp:BoundColumn HeaderText="Column2" DataField="Column2"/ > < /Columns > < /asp:DataGrid > Which property on a Combo Box do you set with a column name, prior to setting the DataSource, to display data in the combo box? DataTextField and DataValueField

Which control would you use if you needed to make sure the values in two different controls matched?

CompareValidator is used to ensure that two fields are identical. What is validationsummary server control?where it is used?. The ValidationSummary control allows you to summarize the error messages from all validation controls on a Web page in a single location. The summary can be displayed as a list, a bulleted list, or a single paragraph, based on the value of the DisplayMode property. The error message displayed in the ValidationSummary control for each validation control on the page is specified by the ErrorMessage property of each validation control. If the ErrorMessage property of the validation control is not set, no error message is displayed in the ValidationSummary control for that validation control. You can also specify a custom title in the heading section of the ValidationSummary control by setting the HeaderText property. You can control whether the ValidationSummary control is displayed or hidden by setting the ShowSummary property. The summary can also be displayed in a message box by setting the ShowMessageBox property to true.

What is the sequence of operation takes place when a page is loaded?

BeginTranaction - only if the request is transacted Init - every time a page is processed LoadViewState - Only on postback ProcessPostData1 - Only on postback Load - every time ProcessData2 - Only on Postback RaiseChangedEvent - Only on Postback RaisePostBackEvent - Only on Postback PreRender - everytime BuildTraceTree - only if tracing is enabled SaveViewState - every time Render - Everytime End Transaction - only if the request is transacted Trace.EndRequest - only when tracing is enabled UnloadRecursive - Every request Difference between asp and asp.net?. "ASP (Active Server Pages) and ASP.NET are both server side technologies for building web sites and web applications, ASP.NET is Managed compiled code - asp is interpreted. and ASP.net is fully Object oriented. ASP.NET has been entirely re-architected to provide a highly productive programming experience based on the .NET Framework, and a robust infrastructure for building reliable and scalable web applications." Name the validation control available in asp.net?. RequiredField, RangeValidator,RegularExpression,Custom validator,compare Validator

What are the various ways of securing a web site that could prevent from hacking etc .. ?

1) Authentication/Authorization 2) Encryption/Decryption 3) Maintaining web servers outside the corporate firewall. etc.,

What is the difference between in-proc and out-of-proc?

An inproc is one which runs in the same process area as that of the client giving tha advantage of speed but the disadvantage of stability becoz if it crashes it takes the client application also with it.Outproc is one which works outside the clients memory thus giving stability to the client, but we have to compromise a bit on speed.

When you’re running a component within ASP.NET, what process is it running within on Windows XP? Windows 2000? Windows 2003?

On Windows 2003 (IIS 6.0) running in native mode, the component is running within the w3wp.exe process associated with the application pool which has been configured for the web application containing the component. On Windows 2003 in IIS 5.0 emulation mode, 2000, or XP, it's running within the IIS helper process whose name I do not remember, it being quite a while since I last used IIS 5.0.

What does aspnet_regiis -i do ?

Aspnet_regiis.exe is The ASP.NET IIS Registration tool allows an administrator or installation program to easily update the script maps for an ASP.NET application to point to the ASP.NET ISAPI version associated with the tool. The tool can also be used to display the status of all installed versions of ASP. NET, register the ASP.NET version coupled with the tool, create client-script directories, and perform other configuration operations. When multiple versions of the .NET Framework are executing side-by-side on a single computer, the ASP.NET ISAPI version mapped to an ASP.NET application determines which version of the common language runtime is used for the application. The tool can be launched with a set of optional parameters. Option "i" Installs the version of ASP.NET associated with Aspnet_regiis.exe and updates the script maps at the IIS metabase root and below. Note that only applications that are currently mapped to an earlier version of ASP.NET are affected

What is a PostBack?

The process in which a Web page sends data back to the same page on the server.

What is ViewState? How is it encoded? Is it encrypted? Who uses ViewState?

ViewState is the mechanism ASP.NET uses to keep track of server control state values that don't otherwise post back as part of the HTTP form. ViewState Maintains the UI State of a Page ViewState is base64-encoded. It is not encrypted but it can be encrypted by setting EnableViewStatMAC="true" & setting the machineKey validation type to 3DES. If you want to NOT maintain the ViewState, include the directive < %@ Page EnableViewState="false" % > at the top of an .aspx page or add the attribute EnableViewState="false" to any control.

What is the < machinekey > element and what two ASP.NET technologies is it used for?

Configures keys to use for encryption and decryption of forms authentication cookie data and view state data, and for verification of out-of-process session state identification.There fore 2 ASP.Net technique in which it is used are Encryption/Decryption & Verification

What three Session State providers are available in ASP.NET 1.1? What are the pros and cons of each?

ASP.NET provides three distinct ways to store session data for your application: in-process session state, out-of-process session state as a Windows service, and out-of-process session state in a SQL Server database. Each has it advantages. 1.In-process session-state mode Limitations: * When using the in-process session-state mode, session-state data is lost if aspnet_wp.exe or the application domain restarts. * If you enable Web garden mode in the < processModel > element of the application's Web.config file, do not use in-process session-state mode. Otherwise, random data loss can occur. Advantage: * in-process session state is by far the fastest solution. If you are storing only small amounts of volatile data in session state, it is recommended that you use the in-process provider. 2. The State Server simply stores session state in memory when in out-of-proc mode. In this mode the worker process talks directly to the State Server 3. SQL mode, session states are stored in a SQL Server database and the worker process talks directly to SQL. The ASP.NET worker processes are then able to take advantage of this simple storage service by serializing and saving (using .NET serialization services) all objects within a client's Session collection at the end of each Web request Both these out-of-process solutions are useful primarily if you scale your application across multiple processors or multiple computers, or where data cannot be lost if a server or process is restarted.

What is the difference between HTTP-Post and HTTP-Get?

As their names imply, both HTTP GET and HTTP POST use HTTP as their underlying protocol. Both of these methods encode request parameters as name/value pairs in the HTTP request. The GET method creates a query string and appends it to the script's URL on the server that handles the request. The POST method creates a name/value pairs that are passed in the body of the HTTP request message. Name and describe some HTTP Status Codes and what they express to the requesting client. When users try to access content on a server that is running Internet Information Services (IIS) through HTTP or File Transfer Protocol (FTP), IIS returns a numeric code that indicates the status of the request. This status code is recorded in the IIS log, and it may also be displayed in the Web browser or FTP client. The status code can indicate whether a particular request is successful or unsuccessful and can also reveal the exact reason why a request is unsuccessful. There are 5 groups ranging from 1xx - 5xx of http status codes exists. 101 - Switching protocols. 200 - OK. The client request has succeeded 302 - Object moved. 400 - Bad request. 500.13 - Web server is too busy.

Explain < @OutputCache% > and the usage of VaryByParam, VaryByHeader.

OutputCache is used to control the caching policies of an ASP.NET page or user control. To cache a page @OutputCache directive should be defined as follows < %@ OutputCache Duration="100" VaryByParam="none" % > VaryByParam: A semicolon-separated list of strings used to vary the output cache. By default, these strings correspond to a query string value sent with GET method attributes, or a parameter sent using the POST method. When this attribute is set to multiple parameters, the output cache contains a different version of the requested document for each specified parameter. Possible values include none, *, and any valid query string or POST parameter name. VaryByHeader: A semicolon-separated list of HTTP headers used to vary the output cache. When this attribute is set to multiple headers, the output cache contains a different version of the requested document for each specified header.

What is the difference between repeater over datalist and datagrid?

The Repeater class is not derived from the WebControl class, like the DataGrid and DataList. Therefore, the Repeater lacks the stylistic properties common to both the DataGrid and DataList. What this boils down to is that if you want to format the data displayed in the Repeater, you must do so in the HTML markup. The Repeater control provides the maximum amount of flexibility over the HTML produced. Whereas the DataGrid wraps the DataSource contents in an HTML < table >, and the DataList wraps the contents in either an HTML < table > or < span > tags (depending on the DataList's RepeatLayout property), the Repeater adds absolutely no HTML content other than what you explicitly specify in the templates. While using Repeater control, If we wanted to display the employee names in a bold font we'd have to alter the "ItemTemplate" to include an HTML bold tag, Whereas with the DataGrid or DataList, we could have made the text appear in a bold font by setting the control's ItemStyle-Font-Bold property to True. The Repeater's lack of stylistic properties can drastically add to the development time metric. For example, imagine that you decide to use the Repeater to display data that needs to be bold, centered, and displayed in a particular font-face with a particular background color. While all this can be specified using a few HTML tags, these tags will quickly clutter the Repeater's templates. Such clutter makes it much harder to change the look at a later date. Along with its increased development time, the Repeater also lacks any built-in functionality to assist in supporting paging, editing, or editing of data. Due to this lack of feature-support, the Repeater scores poorly on the usability scale. However, The Repeater's performance is slightly better than that of the DataList's, and is more noticeably better than that of the DataGrid's. Following figure shows the number of requests per second the Repeater could handle versus the DataGrid and DataList

Can we handle the error and redirect to some pages using web.config?

Yes, we can do this, but to handle errors, we must know the error codes; only then we can take the user to a proper error message page, else it may confuse the user. CustomErrors Configuration section in web.config file: The default configuration is: < customErrors mode="RemoteOnly" defaultRedirect="Customerror.aspx" > < error statusCode="404" redirect="Notfound.aspx" / > < /customErrors > If mode is set to Off, custom error messages will be disabled. Users will receive detailed exception error messages. If mode is set to On, custom error messages will be enabled. If mode is set to RemoteOnly, then users will receive custom errors, but users accessing the site locally will receive detailed error messages. Add an < error > tag for each error you want to handle. The error tag will redirect the user to the Notfound.aspx page when the site returns the 404 (Page not found) error. [Example] There is a page MainForm.aspx Private Sub Page_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load 'Put user code to initialize the page here Dim str As System.Text.StringBuilder str.Append("hi") ' Error Line as str is not instantiated Response.Write(str.ToString) End Sub [Web.Config] < customErrors mode="On" defaultRedirect="Error.aspx"/ > ' a simple redirect will take the user to Error.aspx [user defined] error file. < customErrors mode="RemoteOnly" defaultRedirect="Customerror.aspx" > < error statusCode="404" redirect="Notfound.aspx" / > < /customErrors > 'This will take the user to NotFound.aspx defined in IIS.

How do you implement Paging in .Net?

The DataGrid provides the means to display a group of records from the data source (for example, the first 10), and then navigate to the "page" containing the next 10 records, and so on through the data. Using Ado.Net we can explicit control over the number of records returned from the data source, as well as how much data is to be cached locally in the DataSet. 1.Using DataAdapter.fill method give the value of 'Maxrecords' parameter (Note: - Don't use it because query will return all records but fill the dataset based on value of 'maxrecords' parameter). 2.For SQL server database, combines a WHERE clause and a ORDER BY clause with TOP predicate. 3.If Data does not change often just cache records locally in DataSet and just take some records from the DataSet to display.

What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect?

Server.Transfer() : client is shown as it is on the requesting page only, but the all the content is of the requested page. Data can be persist across the pages using Context.Item collection, which is one of the best way to transfer data from one page to another keeping the page state alive. Response.Dedirect() :client knows the physical location (page name and query string as well). Context.Items loses the persistence when navigate to destination page. In earlier versions of IIS, if we wanted to send a user to a new Web page, the only option we had was Response.Redirect. While this method does accomplish our goal, it has several important drawbacks. The biggest problem is that this method causes each page to be treated as a separate transaction. Besides making it difficult to maintain your transactional integrity, Response.Redirect introduces some additional headaches. First, it prevents good encapsulation of code. Second, you lose access to all of the properties in the Request object. Sure, there are workarounds, but they're difficult. Finally, Response.Redirect necessitates a round trip to the client, which, on high-volume sites, causes scalability problems. As you might suspect, Server.Transfer fixes all of these problems. It does this by performing the transfer on the server without requiring a roundtrip to the client. Response.Redirect sends a response to the client browser instructing it to request the second page. This requires a round-trip to the client, and the client initiates the Request for the second page. Server.Transfer transfers the process to the second page without making a round-trip to the client. It also transfers the HttpContext to the second page, enabling the second page access to all the values in the HttpContext of the first page.

Can you create an app domain?

Yes, We can create user app domain by calling on of the following overload static methods of the System.AppDomain class 1. Public static AppDomain CreateDomain(String friendlyName) 2. Public static AppDomain CreateDomain(String friendlyName, Evidence securityInfo) 3. Public static AppDomain CreateDomain(String friendlyName, Evidence securityInfo, AppDomainSetup info) 4. Public static AppDomain CreateDomain(String friendlyName, Evidence securityInfo, String appBasePath, String appRelativeSearchPath, bool shadowCopyFiles)

What are the various security methods which IIS Provides apart from .NET ?

The various security methods which IIS provides are a) Authentication Modes b) IP Address and Domain Name Restriction c) DNS Lookups DNS Lookups d) The Network ID and Subnet Mask e) SSL

What is Web Gardening? How would using it affect a design?

The Web Garden Model The Web garden model is configurable through the section of the machine.config file. Notice that the section is the only configuration section that cannot be placed in an application-specific web.config file. This means that the Web garden mode applies to all applications running on the machine. However, by using the node in the machine.config source, you can adapt machine-wide settings on a per-application basis. Two attributes in the section affect the Web garden model. They are webGarden and cpuMask. The webGarden attribute takes a Boolean value that indicates whether or not multiple worker processes (one per each affinitized CPU) have to be used. The attribute is set to false by default. The cpuMask attribute stores a DWORD value whose binary representation provides a bit mask for the CPUs that are eligible to run the ASP.NET worker process. The default value is -1 (0xFFFFFF), which means that all available CPUs can be used. The contents of the cpuMask attribute is ignored when the webGarden attribute is false. The cpuMask attribute also sets an upper bound to the number of copies of aspnet_wp.exe that are running. Web gardening enables multiple worker processes to run at the same time. However, you should note that all processes will have their own copy of application state, in-process session state, ASP.NET cache, static data, and all that is needed to run applications. When the Web garden mode is enabled, the ASP.NET ISAPI launches as many worker processes as there are CPUs, each a full clone of the next (and each affinitized with the corresponding CPU). To balance the workload, incoming requests are partitioned among running processes in a round-robin manner. Worker processes get recycled as in the single processor case. Note that ASP.NET inherits any CPU usage restriction from the operating system and doesn't include any custom semantics for doing this. All in all, the Web garden model is not necessarily a big win for all applications. The more stateful applications are, the more they risk to pay in terms of real performance. Working data is stored in blocks of shared memory so that any changes entered by a process are immediately visible to others. However, for the time it takes to service a request, working data is copied in the context of the process. Each worker process, therefore, will handle its own copy of working data, and the more stateful the application, the higher the cost in performance. In this context, careful and savvy application benchmarking is an absolute must. Changes made to the section of the configuration file are effective only after IIS is restarted. In IIS 6, Web gardening parameters are stored in the IIS metabase; the webGarden and cpuMask attributes are ignored.

What is view state?.where it stored?.can we disable it?

The web is state-less protocol, so the page gets instantiated, executed, rendered and then disposed on every round trip to the server. The developers code to add "statefulness" to the page by using Server-side storage for the state or posting the page to itself. When require to persist and read the data in control on webform, developer had to read the values and store them in hidden variable (in the form), which were then used to restore the values. With advent of .NET framework, ASP.NET came up with ViewState mechanism, which tracks the data values of server controls on ASP.NET webform. In effect,ViewState can be viewed as "hidden variable managed by ASP.NET framework!". When ASP.NET page is executed, data values from all server controls on page are collected and encoded as single string, which then assigned to page's hidden atrribute "< input type=hidden >", that is part of page sent to the client. ViewState value is temporarily saved in the client's browser.ViewState can be disabled for a single control, for an entire page orfor an entire web application. The syntax is: Disable ViewState for control (Datagrid in this example) < asp:datagrid EnableViewState="false" ... / > Disable ViewState for a page, using Page directive < %@ Page EnableViewState="False" ... % > Disable ViewState for application through entry in web.config < Pages EnableViewState="false" ... / >